References for Pediatric Toolkit

  1. National Dairy Council. 13 ways milk can help your body. 2024. https://www.usdairy.com/getmedia/7e31a25d-4da2-4967-82fc-9e51ee7e5326/ndc_milk_handout_2024.pdf

  2. National Dairy Council. 9 ways yogurt can help your body. 2024. https://www.usdairy.com/getmedia/265be8b3-d1e3-497f-b1b3-0c3a7efd4929/ndc_yogurt_handout_2024.pdf

  3. National Dairy Council. 8 ways cheese can help your body. 2024. https://www.usdairy.com/getmedia/b31d62d7-73d8-4cd0-a64b-0672ea6ed3b6/ndc_cheese_handout_2024.pdf

  4. U.S. Dairy. Rethinking dairy using the dairy matrix. 2025. https://www.usdairy.com/news-articles/what-is-the-dairy-matrix-and-why-it-matters

  5. Drewnowski A. The contribution of milk and milk products to micronutrient density and affordability of the U.S. diet. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2011;30(5 Suppl 1):422S-428S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2011.10719986

  6. Hess JM, Cifelli CJ, Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL 3rd. Comparing the cost of essential nutrients from different food sources in the American diet using NHANES 2011-2014. Nutrition Journal. 2019;18(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0496-5

  7. Unger AL, Comerford KB, Brown K, Lamin-Bangura K, Slimko M, Cifelli CJ. Dairy foods support healthy dietary patterns and nutrition security in the United States: A nutrient adequacy and affordability perspective. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2025;9:1669062. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1669062

  8. 1000 Days. The First 1000 Days: Nourishing America’s Future. 2016. https://thousanddays.org/wp-content/uploads/1000Days-NourishingAmericasFuture-Report-FINAL-WEBVERSION-SINGLES.pdf

  9. Panth P, Guerin G, DiMarco N. A review of iodine status of women of reproductive age in the USA. Biological Trace Element Research. 2019;188:208-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1606-5

  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second nutrition report factsheet: Iodine levels in young women border on insufficiency. https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition-report/media/2nd-Nutrition-Report-Iodine-Factsheet.pdf

  11. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Iodine fact sheet for health professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional

  12. Daniel KSK, Mangano KM. Resurgence of iodine deficiency in the United States during pregnancy: Potential implications for cognitive development in children. Nutrition Reviews. 2025;83(10):1944-1956. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf025

  13. Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC, Gao W. Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2018;19(3):123-137. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2018.1

  14. Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, et al. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature. 2022;604(7906):525-533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y

  15. Schwarzenberg SJ, Georgieff MK; Committee on Nutrition, Daniels S, Corkins M, Golden NH, Kim JH, Lindsey CW, Magge SN. Advocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health. Pediatrics. 2018;141(2):e20173716. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3716

  16. Incontro S, Musella ML, Sammari M, Di Scala C, Fantini J, Debanne D. Lipids shape brain function through ion channel and receptor modulations: Physiological mechanisms and clinical perspectives. Physiological Reviews. 2025;105(1):137-207. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00004.2024

  17. Deoni SC, Beauchemin J, D'Sa V, Bonham K, Klepac-Ceraj V. Enhanced brain myelination and cognitive development in young children associated with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) intake: A temporal cohort study. Research Square. 2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4999582/v1

  18. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocrine Reviews. 2009;30(4):376-408. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0011

  19. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12 fact sheet for health professionals. 2023. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional

  20. He W, Wu G. Metabolism of amino acids in the brain and their roles in regulating food intake. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1265. Springer, Cham.2020;1265:167-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_10

  21. Golden NH, Abrams SA, Committee on Nutrition, Daniels SR, Abrams SA, Corkins MR, de Ferranti SD, Golden NH, Magge SN, Schwarzenberg SJ. Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e1229-e1243. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2173

  22. Davies RW, Carson BP, Jakeman PM. The effect of whey protein supplementation on the temporal recovery of muscle function following resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):221. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020221

  23. Kanda A, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Nagata M, Ikegami S, Itoh H. Effects of whey, caseinate, or milk protein ingestion on muscle protein synthesis after exercise. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):339. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8060339

  24. Wallace TC, Bailey RL, Lappe J, O’Brien KO, Wang DD, Sahni, S, Weaver CM. Dairy intake and bone health across the lifespan: A systematic review and expert narrative. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;61(21), 3661–3707. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624

  25. National Dairy Council. Science summary: Dairy matrix. 2021. https://www.usdairy.com/getmedia/ca165b2f-99b5-44d9-b91e-60bb7a5089a1/Science-Summary-Dairy-Matrix-2021.pdf

  26. Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lewis R, O’Karma M, Wallace TC, Zemel BS. The National Osteoporosis Foundation’s position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors. Osteoporosis International. 2016;27(4):1281-1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3

  27. Kouvelioti R, Josse AR, Klentrou P. Effects of dairy consumption on body composition and bone properties in youth: A systematic review. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2017;1(8):e001214. https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.001214

  28. de Lamas C, de Castro MJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil Á, Couce ML, Leis R. Effects of dairy product consumption on height and bone mineral content in children: A systematic review of controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2018;10(2):S88-S96. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy096

  29. Vogel KA, Martin BR, McCabe LD, Peacock M, Warden SJ, McCabe GP, Weaver CM. The effect of dairy intake on bone mass and body composition in early pubertal girls and boys: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2017;105(5):1214-1229. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.140418

  30. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Building strong bones: Calcium information for health care providers. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/documents/NICHD_MM_HC_FS_rev.pdf

  31. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030. https://cdn.realfood.gov/DGA.pdf. Published January 7, 2026. Accessed January 7, 2026.

  32. Palacios C. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2006;46(8):621-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390500466174

  33. García-Burgos M, Moreno-Fernández J, Alférez MJM, Díaz-Castro J, López-Aliaga I. New perspectives in fermented dairy products and their health relevance. Journal of Functional Foods. 2020;72:104059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104059

  34. Wiertsema SP, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030886

  35. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Nutrition and immunity. In: Pediatric Nutrition. 2020:1003-1039.

  36. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. 2021. Average Healthy Eating Index-2015 Scores for Children, Adolescents and Adults by Age Groups. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-2018.

  37. Thomson J, Goodman M, Landry A, Tussing-Humphreys L. Diet quality of children in the United States by race/ethnicity within categories of body mass index (P18-110-19). Current Developments in Nutrition. 2019;3(suppl 1):nzz039.P18-110-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz039.P18-110-19

  38. Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041181

  39. Li P, Yin YL, Li D, Kim SW, Wu G. Amino acids and immune function. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98(2):237-252. https://doi.org/10.1017/s000711450769936x

  40. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Zinc fact sheet for health professionals. 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/

  41. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Selenium fact sheet for health professionals. 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/

  42. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin A and carotenoids fact sheet for health professionals. 2022. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/

  43. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D fact sheet for health professionals. 2022. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/

  44. Mikkelsen K, Apostolopoulos V. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the immune system. In: Mahmoudi, M., Rezaei, N. (eds) Nutrition and Immunity. Springer, Cham; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_6

  45. James LJ, Stevenson EJ, Rumbold PLS, Hulston CJ. Cow’s milk as a post-exercise recovery drink: Implications for performance and health. European Journal of Sport Science. 2019;19(1):40-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1534989

  46. Jakobsen DD, Brader L, Bruun JM. Association between food, beverages and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents —A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):764. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030764

  47. Committee on Nutrition. Serving sizes for toddlers. American Academy of Pediatrics. HealthyChildren.org. 2024. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/nutrition/Pages/serving-sizes-for-toddlers.aspx

  48. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26818.

  49. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Pediatric Nutrition. 9th ed. Greer FR, Abrams SA, eds. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2025

  50. Analyses of NHANES 2013-2014 & 2015-2016 data conducted by Victor Fulgoni, PhD. Analyses conducted using SAS 9.4 and SUDAAN 11 with survey parameters including strata, primary sampling units and dietary sample weights. Means were calculated using SAS proc survey means and percentages were calculated using SUDAAN proc ratio.

  51. Lott M, Callahan E, Welker Duffy E, Story M, Daniels S. Healthy Beverage Consumption in Early Childhood: Recommendations from Key National Health and Nutrition Organizations. Technical Scientific Report. Durham, NC: Healthy Eating Research, 2019. Available at http://healthyeatingresearch.org

  52. Lott M, Reed L, Deuman K, Story M, Cradock A, Patel AI. Healthy Beverage Consumption in School-Age Children and Adolescents: Recommendations from Key National Health and Nutrition Organizations. Consensus Statement. Durham, NC: Healthy Eating Research, 2025. Available at http://healthyeatingresearch.org

  53. Cox A, Pistiner M. When to introduce egg, peanut butter & other common food allergens to a baby. American Academy of Pediatrics. HealthyChildren.org. 2025. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/nutrition/Pages/when-to-introduce-egg-peanut-butter-and-other-common-food-allergens-to-your-baby-food-allergy-prevention-tips.aspx

  54. Food Allergy Research and Education. Milk allergy. https://www.foodallergy.org/living-food-allergy/food-allergy-essentials/common-allergens/milk

  55. Porto A. Lactose intolerance in infants and children: Parent FAQs. American Academy of Pediatrics. HealthyChildren.org. 2016. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/nutrition/Pages/Lactose-Intolerance-in-Children.aspx

  56. Johnson AJ, Stevenson J, Pettit J, Jasthi B, Byhre T, Harnack, L. Assessing the nutrient content of plant-based milk alternative products available in the United States. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2025;125(4):515-527.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2024.06.003

  57. Schmitt B. Constipation. American Academy of Pediatrics. HealthyChildren.org. 2025. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Constipation

  58. Savaiano DA, Hutkins RW. Yogurt, cultured fermented milk, and health: A systematic review. Nutrition Reviews. 2021;79(5):599-614. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa013

  59. Donovan SM, Rao G. Health benefits of yogurt among infants and toddlers aged 4 to 24 months: A systematic review. Nutrition Reviews. 2019;77(7):478-486. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz009

  60. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2023. Usual Nutrient Intake from Food and Beverages, by Gender and Age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic Available www.ars.usda.gov/nea/bhnrc/fsrg

  61. Taormina VM, Unger AL, Kraft J. Full-fat dairy products and cardiometabolic health outcomes: Does the dairy-fat matrix matter? Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024;11:1386257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1386257

  62. Hess JM, Cifelli CJ, Fulgoni VL 3rd. Modeling the impact of fat flexibility with dairy food servings in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2020;7:595880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.595880

  63. Weaver CM. Dairy matrix: Is the whole greater than the sum of the parts? Nutrition Reviews. 2021;79(suppl 2):4-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuab081

  64. Circana Group, L.P. data over 52 weeks ending 10-8-2023. Total US MULO+C.

  65. Circana – Latest 52 Weeks February 25, 2024. Milk and Plant Alternative Beverage Report by Race and Ethnicity. TTL US MULO+C Panel Data.

  66. International Food Information Council (IFIC). Understanding Fluid Milk & Dairy Food Consumption Patterns to Enhance Diet Quality & Nutrition Equity. May 2024. https://foodinsight.org/ific-research-dairy-consumption-diet-quality-nutrition-equity/.

  67. O'Sullivan TA, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Whole-fat or reduced-fat dairy product intake, adiposity, and cardiometabolic health in children: A systematic review. Advances in Nutrition. 2020;11(4):928-950. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa011

  68. Dougkas A, Barr S, Reddy S, Summerbell CD. A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2019;32(1):106-127. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954422418000227

  69. Kang K, Sotunde OF, Weiler HA. Effects of milk and milk-product consumption on growth among children and adolescents aged 6-18 years: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2019;10(2):250-261. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy081

  70. Nicholl A, Deering KE, Evelegh K, Lyons-Wall P, Lawrence D, Mori TA, Kratz M, O’Sullivan TA. Whole-fat dairy products do not adversely affect adiposity or cardiometabolic risk factors in children in the Milky Way Study: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study. 2021;114(6):2025-2042. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab288

  71. Mulet-Cabero A-I, Torres-Gonzalez M, Geurts J, Rosales A, Farhang B, Marmonier C, Ulleberg EK, Hocking E, Neiderer I, Gandolfi I, Anderson L, Brader L, Vermaak M, Cameron, M, Myrup Christensen M, Haryono R, Peters S. The dairy matrix: Its importance, definition, and current application in the context of nutrition and health. Nutrients. 2024;16(17):2908. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172908

  72. Cullen KW, Chen TA. The contribution of the USDA school breakfast and lunch program meals to student daily dietary intake. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2016;5:82-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.016

  73. Lawson Y, Mpasi P, Young M, Comerford K, Mitchell E. A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black infants, toddlers, and young children in the US. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2024;116(2 Pt 2):228-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.014

  74. Nicklas TA, Saab R, Fulgoni VL. Is flavored milk really a bad beverage choice? The nutritional benefits of flavored milk outweigh the added sugars content. Acta Scientific. 2022;6(1):114-132. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASNH.2022.06.0985

  75. International Dairy Foods Association. School milk is critical to child nutrition. 2025. https://www.idfa.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Back-to-School-Fact-Sheet-2023_2024_Updated-May-2025.pdf.

  76. Prime Consulting. All Channel Tracking: 2024 Total Category & School Channel Update. July 2025.

  77. International Dairy Foods Association. The healthy school milk commitment. https://www.idfa.org/healthyschoolmilk

  78. International Dairy Foods Association. Added Sugar in School Milk Plummets 10% Since Introduction of IDFA’s Healthy School Milk Commitment. 2024. https://www.idfa.org/news/added-sugar-in-school-milk-plummets-10-since-introduction-of-idfas-healthy-school-milk-commitment

  79. Ricklefs-Johnson K, Pikosky MA. Perspective: The benefits of including flavored milk in healthy dietary patterns. Advances in Nutrition. 2023;14(5):959-972. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37290718/

  80. U.S. Dairy. What Is Milk Pasteurization? 2025. https://www.usdairy.com/news-articles/why-is-milk-pasteurized-4-questions-answered

  81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Raw milk. 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/foods/raw-milk.html

  82. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bovine somatotropin (bST). 2024. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/product-safety-information/bovine-somatotropin-bst

  83. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Bovine Somatotropin(bST) Use on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2002 (Info Sheet N345.1202). National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS). Fort Collins, CO. 2003. Available at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/dairy02_is_bst.pdf.

  84. Animal Welfare Institute. No longer growing: The diminishing use of rBST. AWI Quarterly. 2017. Retrieved from https://awionline.org/awi-quarterly/fall-2017/no-longer-growing-diminishing-use-rbst.

  85. Gillespie, J., Njuki, E., & Teran, A. (2024). Structure, costs, and technology used on U.S. dairy farms (Report No. ERR-334). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/publications/109626/ERR-334.pdf.

  86. Lee JM, Appugliese D, Kaciroti N, Corwyn RF, Bradley RH, Lumeng JC. Weight status in young girls and the onset of puberty. Pediatrics/ 2007;119(3), e624–e630. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2188

  87. Mayo Clinic. Precocious puberty – Symptoms and causes. 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/precocious-puberty/symptoms-causes/syc-20351811

  88. Tang J, Xue P, Huang X, Lin C, Liu S. Diet and nutrients intakes during infancy and childhood in relation to early puberty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14(23):5004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235004

  89. Wiley AS. Milk intake and total dairy consumption: Associations with early menarche in NHANES 1999-2004. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(2):e14685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014685

  90. American Dairy Association, Canadian Society of Animal Science, American Society of Animal Science. Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST): A Safety Assessment. 2010.

  91. Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, Cook-Bolden F, Desai SR, Druby KM, Freeman EF, Keri JE, Stein Gold LF, Tan JKL, Tollefson MM, Weiss JS, Wu PA, Zaenglein AL, Han JM, Barbieri JS.. Guidelines for management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2024;90(5):1006.e1-1006.e30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.017

  92. American Academy of Dermatology. 6 skin care habits that can clear acne. 2022. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/skin-care/tips

  93. Pelton, et al. “2020 Farmgate Greenhouse Gas Life Cycle Assessment for U.S. Fluid Milk.” Environmental Science & Technology, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c01166

  94. Liebe DL, Hall MB, White RR. Contributions of dairy products to environmental impacts and nutritional supplies from United States agriculture. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020;103(11):10867-10881. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18570